Variation of cleaning organ structures and setae of pedipalp tarsus in the family Phrynidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi).

The pedipalp tarsus of Amblypygi is used as a cleaning tool in grooming behavior and as a weapon in prey capture. The tarsus presents several structures with unknown functions that probably relate to both processes. The Amblypygi tarsus possesses a cleaning organ with two lines of projections and a group of setae distributed along the structure. We analyzed the morphological variation of the cleaning organ structures and the setae of the tarsus in species of the family Phrynidae using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, we made histological sections to evaluate the sensory function of the structures. We found variation in the shape and size of the setae, projections and granular area of the cleaning organ; however, the observed differences do not allow for differentiation of taxonomic genera. The setae and projections of the cleaning organ have an internal structure similar to tip-pore sensilla. Externally, the setae are similar to the sensorial hairs in spiders and differ from the cleaning organ projections, which probably are modified setae. Mechanoreception function is evident in the setae, and is probable in projections of the cleaning organ; the evidence observed indicates that both structures may be considered as putative chemoreceptors.

Organization of the cephalic lateral-line canals in Electrophorus varii de Santana, Wosiacki, Crampton, Sabaj, Dillman, Mendes-Júnior & Castro e Castro, 2019 (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae)

Electrophorus spp. generate high-voltage electric discharges for defense and hunting, and low-voltage electric discharges (as other Gymnotiformes) for electrolocation and communication. Despite intense interest in the unusual electrogenic and electroreceptive capacities of electric eels, the other sensory systems of Electrophorus spp. are relatively poorly known. Here we describe the ontogenetic development and organization of the cephalic lateral-line canals in the lowland electric eel, Electrophorus varii. Preserved specimens of larvae, juveniles, and adults were examined to describe the spatial distribution of the canals and pores. Ontogenetic shifts of the cephalic lateral line formation were observed for each canal and support a hypothesis of non-synchronized development. The morphogenesis of cephalic canals in larvae and juveniles begins just before the onset of exogenous feeding. In adults, the cephalic sensory canals are formed separately from the skull and overlay cranial and mandibular bones and muscles. This study provides the first detailed description of the development and organization of the cephalic lateral-line system in Electrophorus varii.(AU)

Electrophorus spp. geram descargas elétricas de alta voltagem, usadas para defesa e caça, e (como os demais Gymnotiformes) descargas elétricas de baixa voltagem para eletrolocalização e comunicação. Apesar do grande interesse nas capacidades eletrogênicas e eletrorreceptivas incomuns dos poraquês, os outros sistemas sensoriais de Electrophorus spp. são relativamente pouco conhecidos. Aqui nós descrevemos o desenvolvimento ontogenético e a organização dos canais da linha lateral cefálica no poraquê da planície Electrophorus varii. Exemplares preservados de larvas, juvenis e adultos foram analisados para descrever a distribuição espacial dos canais e poros. Variações ontogenéticas na formação da linha lateral cefálica foram observadas para cada canal, apresentando um desenvolvimento não-sincronizado. Variações ontogenéticas da formação da linha lateral cefálica foram observadas para cada canal e suportam uma hipótese de desenvolvimento assincrônico. A morfogênese dos canais cefálicos em larvas e juvenis precede o início da alimentação exógena. Nos adultos, os canais sensoriais cefálicos se formam separadamente do crânio e sobrepõem os ossos e músculos cranianos e mandibulares. Este estudo fornece a primeira descrição detalhada do desenvolvimento e organização do sistema da linha lateral cefálica de Electrophorus varii.(AU)

Avaliação da regulação exteroceptiva e interoceptiva do equilíbrio corporal de idosas ativas / Evaluation of exteroceptive and interoceptive regulation of body balance of active seniors

O processo do envelhecimento humano traz consigo um conjunto de alterações para o organismo, dentre elas há a diminuição da eficácia das estratégias motoras do equilíbrio corporal e o aumento do tempo de reação muscular, o que torna o indivíduo mais suscetível à queda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do equilíbrio de um grupo de idosas fisicamente ativas, com ênfase na regulação do sistema visual, vestibular e somatossensorial do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, bem como sua performance em testes de marcha e flexibilidade. Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico, realizado com 32 mulheres (67,48±4,88 anos), praticantes regulares de Pilates e hidroginástica. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala do Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Teste de Alcance Funcional (TAF) e o Teste de Equilíbrio Corporal (TEC). As idosas foram estratificadas em grupos: G1 (60-64 anos), G2 (65-69 anos), G3 (70-74 anos) e G4 (75-79 anos). A EEB atestou para um equilíbrio conservado [F(3,29)=1,766, p≥0,50], o TUG para independência funcional preservada [F(3,29)=0,418; p≥0,50] e o TAF sem risco para quedas [F(3,20)=2,228; p≥0,50]. O TEC identificou déficit da regulação interoceptiva do equilíbrio para todas as idades e comprometimento regulação interoceptiva do equilíbrio dinâmico para septuagenárias [F(3,29)= 0,301; p≥0,50]. Observou-se correlação moderada entre EEB-TEC (r=0,416; p=0,018), TEC-TUG (r=-345; p=0,013) e negativa entre EEB-TUG (r=-0,427; p=0,013). Sendo que, o TAF não se mostrou equivalente aos demais instrumentos. Conclui-se que mulheres sexagenárias e septuagenárias, praticantes regulares de exercícios físicos, apesar de indicarem bom desempenho nos testes de equilíbrio, marcha e flexibilidade, apresentaram comprometimento dos sistemas de regulação sensorial do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico...(AU)

The process of human aging brings with it a number of alterations to the organism, among them there is a decrease in the effectiveness of the motor strategies of the body balance and the increase of the time of muscular reaction, which makes the individual more susceptible to fall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the balance performance of a group of physically active elderly women, with emphasis on the regulation of the visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems of the static and dynamic balance, as well as their performance in gait tests and flexibility. This is a cross-sectional, analytical study of 32 women (67.48 ± 4.88 years), regular Pilates practitioners, and water aerobics. The instruments used were: Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Reach Test (TAF) and Body Balance Test (TEC). The elderly were stratified into groups: G1 (60-64 years), G2 (65-69 years), G3 (70- 74 years) and G4 (75-79 years). BBS attained a conserved equilibrium [F(3.29)=1.766, p≥0.50], the TUG for preserved functional independence [F(3.29)=0.418; p≥0.50] and TAF without risk of falls [F(3,20)=2,228; p≥0.50]. The TEC identified deficit of interoceptive regulation of balance for all ages and compromise interoceptive regulation of dynamic balance for septuagenarians [F(3,29)=0.301; p≥0.50]. It was observed a moderate correlation between BBS-TEC (r=0.416, p=0.018), TEC-TUG (r=-345, p=0.013) and negative between BBS-TUG (r=-0.427, p=0.013). The TAF did not prove to be equivalent to the other instruments. It was concluded that sexagenarian and septuagenarian women, regular physical exercise practitioners, despite indicating good performance in tests of balance, gait and flexibility, presented impairment of the systems of sensorial regulation of the static and dynamic balance...(AU)

Multisensory influence on eating behavior: Hedonic consumption. / Influencia multisensorial sobre la conducta alimentaria: ingesta hedónica.

Research in obesity has traditionally focused on prevention strategies and treatments aimed at changing lifestyle habits. However, recent research suggests that eating behavior is a habit regulated not only by homeostatic mechanisms, but also by the hedonic pathway that controls appetite and satiety processes. Cognitive, emotional, social, economic, and cultural factors, as well as organoleptic properties of food, are basic aspects to consider in order to understand eating behavior and its impact on health. This review presents a multisensory integrative view of food at both the homeostatic and non-homeostatic levels. This information will be of scientific interest to determine behavior drivers leading to overeating and, thus, to propose effective measures, at both the individual and population levels, for the prevention of obesity and associated metabolic diseases.

Presupuestos anatomo-fisiológicos, neurológicos del lenguaje y la comunicación en niños con déficit auditivo / Anatomical Physiological and Neurological Budgets of Language and Communication in Children with Hearing Impairment

Introducción: la comunicación en el niño con déficit auditivo es condición para su incorporación a la vida escolar y social. El estado auditivo en ellos dificulta, la formación del lenguaje y con ello su repercusión en su personalidad. El presente artículo aborda algunos de los principales fundamentos relacionados con la producción del lenguaje en estos niños. Objetivo: analizar el sistema funcional verbal, que permita una aproximación teórica del mecanismo del lenguaje en casos de pérdida auditiva. Métodos: se aplicó la exploración del lenguaje a partir de la batería BEALDA, que permitió evaluar el estado de la audición y el lenguaje. Se sometió la propuesta a criterios de expertos y se seleccionó una muestra intencional de 10 niños con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 5 años de edad que asisten al Círculo Infantil Especial Pelusín, en el municipio Holguín con la que se realizó un pre- experimento con estudio de casos. También se aplicaron encuestas y entrevistas a maestros, logopedas, familias y directivos. Resultados: los 10 niños desarrollaron la comunicación verbal, disminuyeron el uso de la mímica aprendida en el hogar y desarrollaron su lenguaje oral, tanto en su forma receptiva como expresiva. Esto permitió contar con un recurso para la estimulación del lenguaje en su periodo de formación y desarrollo, con ello organizar las ayudas logopédicas desde la primera infancia. Los expertos consultados coincidieron en el 98% que las áreas y fases propuestas contribuyen a estimular el lenguaje y la comunicación de los niños con déficit auditivo. Conclusiones: se comprobó que el conocimiento de los fundamentos anatomo-fisiológicos y neurológicos del lenguaje de señas permite organizar las ayudas logopédicas favorables para su desarrollo comunicativo y su preparación para el proceso de aprendizaje escolar.

Introduction: communication in children with hearing impairment is a condition for joining the school and social life. The hearing status on them hinders the formation of language and thus its impact on his personality. This reveals some of the main bases related to the production of language in these children. Objective: to analyze the verbal functional system, that allows a theoretical approach of language mechanism in cases of hearing loss. Methods: the exploration of language was applied from the BEALDA battery, which allowed in evaluating the state of hearing and language. The proposal was submitted to expert criteria and a sample of 10 children aged between three and five years old from the Pelusín Day Care Center in the municipality of Holguin was selected. Surveys and interviews with teachers, speech therapists, families and executives were also applied. Results: ten children (the selected sample) developed verbal communication, the use of mimicry learned at home decreased and their oral language was developed, both in receptive and expressive way. This allowed the specialists to have recourse to language stimulation in their training and development, as well as in speech therapy from early childhood. The experts consulted agreed that 98% areas and phases proposed help stimulate language and communication of children with hearing impairment. Conclusions: the study showed that the knowledge of the anatomical and physiological and neurological foundations of sign language allows to organize the speech therapy for communication development and its training for school learning process.

Presupuestos anatomo-fisiológicos, neurológicos del lenguaje y la comunicación en niños con déficit auditivo / Anatomical Physiological and Neurological Budgets of Language and Communication in Children with Hearing Impairment

Introducción: la comunicación en el niño con déficit auditivo es condición para su incorporación a la vida escolar y social. El estado auditivo en ellos dificulta, la formación del lenguaje y con ello su repercusión en su personalidad. El presente artículo aborda algunos de los principales fundamentos relacionados con la producción del lenguaje en estos niños.Objetivo: analizar el sistema funcional verbal, que permita una aproximación teórica del mecanismo del lenguaje en casos de pérdida auditiva.Métodos: se aplicó la exploración del lenguaje a partir de la batería BEALDA, que permitió evaluar el estado de la audición y el lenguaje. Se sometió la propuesta a criterios de expertos y se seleccionó una muestra intencional de 10 niños con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 5 años de edad que asisten al Círculo Infantil Especial Pelusín, en el municipio Holguín con la que se realizó un pre- experimento con estudio de casos. También se aplicaron encuestas y entrevistas a maestros, logopedas, familias y directivos.Resultados: los 10 niños desarrollaron la comunicación verbal, disminuyeron el uso de la mímica aprendida en el hogar y desarrollaron su lenguaje oral, tanto en su forma receptiva como expresiva. Esto permitió contar con un recurso para la estimulación del lenguaje en su periodo de formación y desarrollo, con ello organizar las ayudas logopédicas desde la primera infancia. Los expertos consultados coincidieron en el 98% que las áreas y fases propuestas contribuyen a estimular el lenguaje y la comunicación de los niños con déficit auditivo.Conclusiones: se comprobó que el conocimiento de los fundamentos anatomo-fisiológicos y neurológicos del lenguaje de señas permite organizar las ayudas logopédicas favorables para su desarrollo comunicativo y su preparación para el proceso de aprendizaje escolar.(AU)

Introduction: communication in children with hearing impairment is a condition for joining the school and social life. The hearing status on them hinders the formation of language and thus its impact on his personality. This reveals some of the main bases related to the production of language in these children.Objective: to analyze the verbal functional system, that allows a theoretical approach of language mechanism in cases of hearing loss.Methods: the exploration of language was applied from the BEALDA battery, which allowed in evaluating the state of hearing and language. The proposal was submitted to expert criteria and a sample of 10 children aged between three and five years old from the Pelusín Day Care Center in the municipality of Holguin was selected. Surveys and interviews with teachers, speech therapists, families and executives were also applied.Results: ten children (the selected sample) developed verbal communication, the use of mimicry learned at home decreased and their oral language was developed, both in receptive and expressive way. This allowed the specialists to have recourse to language stimulation in their training and development, as well as in speech therapy from early childhood. The experts consulted agreed that 98% areas and phases proposed help stimulate language and communication of children with hearing impairment.Conclusions: the study showed that the knowledge of the anatomical and physiological and neurological foundations of sign language allows to organize the speech therapy for communication development and its training for school learning process.

Estudio preliminar morfológico y morfométrico de encéfalo del pez tiburoncito, Ariopsis seemanni, (Pisces: Ariidae) / Preliminary morphologic and morphometric study of the encephalon of the tiburoncito Ariopsis seemanni (Pisces: Ariidae) / Estudo preliminar morfológico e morfométrico do encéfalo do Peixe Gato Tete, Ariopsis seemanni (Pisces: Ariidae)

Objetivo. Describir morfológica y morfométricamente el cerebro de tiburoncito Ariopsis seemanni. Materiales y métodos. Se trabajó con 10 ejemplares juveniles de tiburoncito los cuales fueron procesados con las normas éticas para el manejo de peces. Posteriormente se tomaron medidas de longitud total y estándar (cm) y de peso (g) de cada uno de los individuos, que se fijaron en formaldehido al 4%. Una vez retirados los encéfalos se realizó la identificación y medición de los diferentes lóbulos indicando su ubicación, morfología, longitud y área a través de imágenes laterales, dorsales y ventrales digitalizadas, las cuales fueron medidas con el programa Scion Image. Se calcularon promedios y desviaciones estándar, y se obtuvo la equivalencia porcentual de cada estructura en relación con la totalidad del encéfalo. Estos datos se relacionaron posteriormente con los hábitos de la especie. Resultados. Se identificaron los bulbos olfativos, hemisferios telencefálicos, lóbulos ópticos, cerebelo, entre otros. De los nervios craneales, únicamente se observó el nervio óptico. La estructura más grande del encéfalo es el cerebelo (44 ± 1,2 % y área 0,23 ± 0,03 cm²), seguido por los hemisferios telencefálicos (28 ± 0,57 % y área 0,13 ± 0,02 cm²). Conclusiones. La morfología del encéfalo de A. seemanni presentó el patrón general de teleósteos del orden Siluriforme, contando con el cerebelo como la estructura más grande. Según la morfología y morfometría vista en el encéfalo, se podría postular que A seemanni emplea sobre todo la vista y el gusto para explorar el ambiente.

Objective. To describe morphologically and morphometrically the encephalon of Ariopsis seemanni. Materials and methods. We worked with 10 juvenile specimens which were processed according to the ethical standards for handling fish. Measurements of the total and standard length (cm) and weight (g) were taken for each individual. Specimens were fixed in 4% formaldehyde. The encephalon was removed, the different regions were identified and the measurement of the different lobes was done, indicating their location, morphology, length and area using lateral, dorsal and ventral digitalized images that were measured with the Scion Image program. We calculated means and standard deviations, and obtained the percentage equivalence of each structure in relation to the entire encephalon. These data were then related to the habits of the species. Results. We identified the olfactory bulbs, telencephalic hemispheres, optic lobes, cerebellum, among others. Of the cranial nerves, only the optic nerve was observed. The largest structure of the encephalon is the cerebellum (44 ± 1.2% and 0.23 ± 0.03 cm² area), followed by the telencephalic hemispheres (28 ± 0.57% and 0.13 ± 0.02 cm² area). Conclusions. The encephalon morphology of A. seemanni presented the general pattern of teleosts of the order Siluriformes, with the cerebellum as the largest structure of the encephalon. Based on the morphology and morphometry observed in the encephalon, we suggest that A. seemanni uses primarily vision and taste to explore the environment.

Objetivo. Descrever os aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos do cérebro do peixe gato tete, Ariopsis seemanni. Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa foi realizada com 10 destes peixes, que foram tratados com as normas éticas para a manipulação de peixes. Posteriormente foram registrados o comprimento total e padrão (cm) e o peso (g) de cada um dos indivíduos, os quais foram fixados em formol 4%. Depois de retirar os encéfalos foi realizada a identificação e medição dos diferentes lóbulos, indicando sua localização, morfologia, o comprimento e a área através de imagens laterais, dorsais e ventrais digitalizadas, que foram medidas com o programa Scion Image. Foram calculados a média e o desvio padrão, e obteve-se a equivalência percentual de cada estrutura em relação a todo o encéfalo. Estes dados foram correlacionados com os hábitos da espécie. Resultados. Foram identificados os bulbos olfatórios, hemisférios telencefálico, lobos ópticos, cerebelo, entre outros. Dos nervos cranianos, apenas o nervo ótico foi observado. A maior estrutura do encéfalo é o cerebelo (44 ± 1,2% e 0,23 ± 0,03 cm² de área), seguido pelos hemisférios telencefálicos (28 ± 0,57% e área 0,13 ± 0,02 cm²). Conclusões. A morfologia do encéfalo de A. seemanni apresentou o padrão geral de teleósteos da ordem Siluriformes, com o cerebelo como a maior estrutura. De acordo com a morfologia e morfometria vista no encéfalo, pode-se postular que um A seemanni usa principalmente a visão e o gosto para explorar o ambiente.